How to Read a Kentucky Accident Report

1988 fatal traffic collision

Carrollton jitney collision
Details
Appointment	May 14, 1988 10:55 pm (EDT)
Location	Interstate 71 5 mi (8.0 km) Due south from Carrollton, Kentucky
Coordinates	38°36′19″North 85°10′13″Due west  /  38.605241°North 85.170261°W  / 38.605241; -85.170261
Country	United States
Incident type	Caput-on standoff resulting in catastrophic fire of bus
Crusade	Pickup truck driver driving under the influence in wrong direction; Egress difficulties impairing bus evacuation (secondary)
Statistics
Vehicles	1977 Ford B-700; 1987 Toyota Hilux; 1977 Cadillac de Ville
Passengers	67
Deaths	27
Injured	34

The Carrollton passenger vehicle standoff occurred on May xiv, 1988, on Interstate 71 in unincorporated Carroll County, Kentucky. The collision involved a one-time school autobus in use by a church building youth group and a pickup truck driven by an booze-impaired driver. The head-on collision was the deadliest incident involving drunkard driving and the 3rd-deadliest bus crash in U.South. history. Of the 67 people on the bus (counting the driver), in that location were 27 fatalities in the crash, the aforementioned number as the 1958 Prestonsburg double-decker disaster, and behind the 1976 Yuba Urban center bus disaster (29) and 1963 Chualar double-decker crash (32).

In the aftermath of the disaster, several family members of victims became agile leaders of Mothers Against Boozer Driving, and one—Karolyn Nunnallee—became national president of the organization. The standards for both operation and equipment for school buses and similar buses were improved in Kentucky and many other states. These include an increased number of emergency exits, college standards for structural integrity, and the use of less volatile diesel. On Interstate 71, the crash site is marked with a highway sign erected past the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Memorial items such as crosses and flower arrangements are regularly placed at the site by families and friends.

Background [edit]

On May 14, 1988, a youth grouping mostly consisting of teenagers who attended N Hardin High Schoolhouse, James T. Alton Middle Schoolhouse, Radcliff Heart Schoolhouse and four adults from Assembly of God church in Radcliff, Kentucky, boarded their church bus and headed to Kings Island theme park in Mason, Ohio, about 170 miles (270 km) from Radcliff. The group included church building members and their invited guests. As anybody arrived early on that Saturday morning, the number of those wanting to keep the trip had grown to more than than originally anticipated. The church's principal pastor, who did not join the trip, restricted the ridership to the legal limit of 66 persons plus the driver.

Bus [edit]

The motorcoach involved in the crash was a former school autobus, configured with a bus body mated to a medium-duty truck chassis and frame. The 1977 model-twelvemonth Ford B700 chassis was mated to a Superior school bus body. The vehicle was designed with a chapters of 66 passengers and a driver, including 11 rows of 39-inch wide seats, separated by a 12-inch cardinal alley.

Ford Motor Company manufactured the B700 chassis at its Kentucky Truck Plant in Louisville, Kentucky; it was and then shipped to Superior Coach Company of Lima, Ohio. A company endemic by industrial conglomerate Sheller-Earth Corporation,^[one] Superior manufactured the schoolhouse bus body that was installed on the Ford B700 chassis. The vehicle was certified as a "school omnibus" with an effective build date of March 23, 1977, the date associated with the construction of the Ford chassis (as required by federal regulations^[2]).

Both the vehicle type and the build date would later serve equally important legal distinctions. The jitney was manufactured on March 23, 1977, just nine days earlier four major federal safety standards were to accept result for schoolhouse autobus product.^[3] In addition to upgraded rollover protection, school buses produced on or after April 1, 1977 were required to be designed with improved structural integrity in body joints, ameliorate seating protection in crashes, and improved fuel system protection (to reduce spills and fires).^[3]

The completed bus was delivered in time for use during the 1977–78 school year, and served 10 years in utilise equally a school bus. Radcliff Assembly of God acquired the used school autobus as surplus from the Meade County schoolhouse district, and information technology had been owned by the church for about one year as a church charabanc. In July 1987, the church successfully made the same round trip with the bus to Kings Isle. Along with short local moves on school days, the church also drove the bus successfully on several other long trips. It was maintained regularly by mechanically-inclined church members, including a civilian motor puddle supervisor from nearby Fort Knox. A week before the 1988 Kings Island trip, the bus received two new tires of a good commercial quality; the forepart-terminate suspension and steering components were also examined at that time.^[4] The 11-year old vehicle was considered to be in expert mechanical status on May fourteen, 1988.

Trip [edit]

On the trip, the bus was driven by John Pearman, a part-fourth dimension associate pastor of the church who was a local court clerk.^[v] The group left the church early that morning and traveled uneventfully to the park. They spent the whole day and early evening at Kings Island, then boarded the bus and began traveling out of Ohio and back into Northern Kentucky toward Radcliff. Afterward about an hour, they stopped to fill up the 60-gallon (227-litre) fuel tank with gasoline, then resumed the trip southward.^[6]

Collision [edit]

At 10:55 p.m., while heading southward on Interstate 71 exterior of Carrollton, Kentucky, the bus collided about head-on with a blackness 1987 Toyota pickup truck which was traveling the wrong way (north in the southbound lanes) at a high speed on a curved stretch of the highway.^[vii] The small truck was driven by Larry Wayne Mahoney, a 34-year-former factory worker who was intoxicated.^[8] Mahoney later admitted he had been drinking in a bar and at a friend's house prior to the collision. Police besides found a twelve-pack of Miller Lite beer in Mahoney's truck which was still cold and had several cans missing.^[9]

During the collision, the left rear of the pickup truck spun 90 degrees to the right and, while doing and then, struck the left side of a 1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville heading in the aforementioned direction of the motorbus causing damage to the dorsum driver'southward door and vinyl roof. The machine had cleaved glass along with red plastic material that was from the taillight lens of the Toyota. The right front of the pickup truck struck the right front of the bus, breaking off the coach's suspension and driving the leafage jump backward into the gas tank mounted behind an outside panel just outside the heavier frame, but behind the footstep well for the front door, rendering the door inoperative. The front door was blocked by standoff damage, and in that location were no emergency exit windows or roof hatches, every bit found on commercial buses and some schoolhouse buses of the time.

Nobody aboard the bus was seriously injured past the actual collision between the two vehicles (though both vehicle drivers sustained injuries). Nonetheless, the impact of the collision created a secondary situation, as the correct front intermission of the Ford chassis broke off through the motorcoach stepwell, puncturing the gasoline fuel tank and igniting the fuel supply.^[ten] When fire starting time broke out immediately after the standoff, motorcoach driver John Pearman tried to put it out with a modest burn extinguisher while passengers began to evacuate through the center rear emergency door, squeezing through the narrow opening betwixt the 2 rear seats and jumping to the ground.

A survivor recounted the accident and the quick time betwixt everything, stating: "We knew we hitting something, and...all the kids got up in the alley thinking we were gonna go off. And within twenty 2nd yous felt the rut come in the bus. You started hearing kids crying and screaming for their mom, panicking. That'due south when everybody started pushing on everybody to go one way."^[11] Some other remembered startling awake after the accident and attempting to escape through a window just it refused to open, earlier rushing to the back.^[12]

Survivors stated that later on elimination the small fire extinguisher, Pearman helped some of the many children notice their way downward the narrow and dark alley to the only practical fashion out of the fume-filled motorbus. According to the NTSB investigation, more than 60 persons trying to reach the only bachelor exit (the rear emergency door) created a crush of bodies in the 12 inch-wide aisle. Many passengers plant themselves unable to motion. A beverage libation which had been earlier placed in the aisle most row 10 (of xi rows of seats) further exacerbated this trouble.^[7] A pileup of passengers formed in and side by side to the twelve-inch (30 cm) aisle leading to the rear door, which was partially blocked past seat backs from the last row and a cooler stored in the aisle nearly row ten.

Attempts by some of the other passengers to break or kick out any of the split up-sash-blazon side windows were unsuccessful. Only one adult, a woman who was of modest stature, managed to escape through a 9-inch (23 cm) opening side window. When she looked support from the ground, the window opening was filled with flames. The other iii adults aboard, including Pearman, died. Passersby and some of the escaped passengers helped to excerpt immobilized children through the rear door, and help them to footing level about iii ft (0.91 thou) below.^[13] A survivor recounted how when he reached the back door; "Someone on the exterior grabbed my arm, put their foot on the bumper and literally pulled me out. I hit the asphalt and started running...I could hear the screams and the explosions."^[12]

However, within four minutes or less, the entire jitney was on fire, and soon the exodus of passengers stopped. At that point, the passersby who had stopped to help could not attain those all the same aboard due to the raging fire, and turned their efforts to disposed to the crowd of 40 more often than not injured survivors. Soon the unabridged interior of the bus flashed over, ultimately burning the trapped 27 people remaining aboard. At that point, no more passengers were accessible from outside the passenger vehicle.

Later on fire, rescue, and Kentucky State Police force troopers responded to the scene, treated and transported survivors, and extinguished the fire, a crane was used to load the passenger vehicle onto a flatbed truck that transported the autobus and those persons killed to the National Guard Armory in Carrollton. In that location, the KSP and the Carroll County coroner went through the interior of the bus seat by seat to find and remove bodies. Most of the bodies were burned beyond recognition.^[14]

Victims [edit]

In total, 26 passengers and the motorbus driver died, 34 passengers were injured, and six passengers escaped the coach without serious injury. Larry Mahoney, the commuter of the Toyota pickup, sustained injuries from the collision.^[14] Of the deceased children, they ranged in historic period from x to 17-years-old with a majority anile between 13 and fourteen-years-old.^[xv]

Many bodies were found facing the merely exit, the rear door. The coroner later determined that none of the bus occupants suffered broken bones or mortal injuries from the crash bear on; all had died from the burn and fume.

Among the motorcoach survivors, one person's leg from just below the knee joint had to be amputated, and almost ten others suffered disfiguring burns. But 6 bus passengers were uninjured and virtually all suffered varying degrees of emotional trauma and survivor guilt syndrome.

As of Feb 2010, this collision had the highest death and injury toll of whatever school bus crash in United States history; a crash most Prestonsburg, Kentucky, in 1958 also claimed 27 lives, simply there were not as many additional injuries.

Investigation [edit]

The National Transportation Safety Board responded, conducted an investigation and issued a written report on March 28, 1989.

About 10:55 p.m. EDT on May 14, 1988, a pickup truck traveling northbound in the southbound lanes of Interstate 71 struck head-on a church activity bus traveling southbound in the left lane of the highway nearly Carrollton, Kentucky. As the pickup truck rotated during impact, information technology struck a passenger automobile traveling southbound in the right lane near the church building bus. The church building bus fuel tank was punctured during the collision sequence, and a fire ensued, engulfing the entire bus. The bus driver and 26 coach passengers were fatally injured. Thirty-four bus passengers sustained small-scale to critical injuries, and six double-decker passengers were not injured. The pickup truck driver sustained serious injuries, only neither occupant of the passenger auto was injured.^[xvi]

The NTSB determined that "the probable crusade of the collision between the pickup truck and the church building activity bus was the alcohol-dumb condition of the pickup truck driver who operated his vehicle opposite to the management of traffic menstruum on an interstate highway."^[16] The agency also found that the design of the 11-year-one-time charabanc besides contributed to the fatalities. The bus's fuel tank was unprotected, seat covers were made of combustible fabric, and the rear exit was partially blocked by a row of seats.^[17] Following the NTSB written report, and much sooner in many instances, many federal, state, and local agencies and autobus manufacturers inverse regulations, vehicle features, and operating practices.

The board recommended the phaseout of buses not coming together the federal standards established in 1977. The standards required all new school buses to have stronger fuel tanks, stronger seats and more than accessible emergency exits. At the time the study was issued, nigh 22% of school buses in use nationwide were built before the standards were in place.^[17] The board also recommended stricter punishments for boozer driving.^[17]

Legal [edit]

There was considerable civil litigation. Ford Motor Company, Sheller-Globe Corporation, and others somewhen contributed to settlements with all victims and/or their families.

Truck commuter [edit]

Mahoney had been previously arrested for driving nether the influence in 1984, for which he was fined Usa$300 and his driver's license was suspended for six months.^[18] His blood alcohol concentration (BAC) two hours later the crash was .24 percent—substantially more the 1988 Kentucky legal limit of .10.^[xix] Mahoney had no retentiveness of the crash and learned of the collision after waking in the hospital the next day.^[20]

Mahoney was indicted July 23, 1988, on 27 counts of murder. He pleaded not guilty, and bail was set at $270,000, $10,000 for every decease in the crash. Prosecutors initially planned to seek an indictment for capital murder charges, but decided non to file those charges.^[21] Mahoney posted bail and was released from jail in Oct of 1988. On December 21, 1989, Mahoney was constitute guilty of all charges.^[22] He was sentenced to imprisonment for sixteen years later a jury of the Carroll Circuit Court, under Indictment No. 88-CR-27, convicted him of 27 counts of manslaughter in the second degree, 16 counts of attack in the 2d degree, and 27 counts of wanton endangerment in the first degree.^[23] At trial, he was represented by the Cleveland, Ohio, criminal defense lawyer, William L. Summers. On appeal, in Case No. 1988-CA-1635, Guess Anthony M. Wilhoit of the Kentucky Courtroom of Appeals reversed Mahoney'south confidence for drunk driving on the grounds that it constituted double jeopardy under the Kentucky Constitution, ruling that the 27 counts of manslaughter in the 2d degree subsumed the drunk-driving confidence. The courtroom ruled that, under Kentucky police, the elements of drunkard driving were substantially like to those of manslaughter. This meant that Mahoney'south driver's license could be reinstated, fifty-fifty during his imprisonment. The Kentucky Supreme Court subsequently reversed this line of reasoning in some other case, Justice v. Commonwealth, 987 S.West.2nd 306 (Ky. December 17, 1998). On May vi, 1992, the Kentucky Supreme Court denied review of Mahoney's appeal in Case No. 1992-SC-98.

At the Kentucky State Reformatory, Mahoney worked in the medium-security facility as a clerk. He earned his GED high school equivalency diploma and attended Alcoholics Anonymous meetings.^[24] Described past authorities as a model prisoner, Mahoney reduced his incarceration by six years with skillful behavior, known nether Kentucky law as "skillful fourth dimension" credit. He declined the Kentucky Parole Board'southward parole recommendation and served out his sentence, earlier leaving the prison in La Grange, on September ane, 1999, having served nine and a half years.^[25] Local tv set stations broadcast video of him walking out of the prison.

That week, according to a published account in The Courier-Journal (Louisville), some survivors of the crash and families of the victims had said that they were willing to forgive Mahoney although the disaster marked forever the congregation of the First Assembly of God, which had many members on the bus. "I feel a little bit sorry for him", Katrina Henderson, and so 23, told The Courier-Journal in 1998. "He didn't wake upwards one mean solar day and say 'I'm going to kill 27 people.' That's not to take any arraign away from him. I recollect that he is a person who made some very bad choices and he paid for those choices", said Henderson, who was age 12 when she survived the wreck. The victims were members of a church, and many felt called by their religious beliefs to forgive him.^{[ citation needed ]}

During his trial, the idea was discussed that Mahoney could save lives by talking to school groups, only Mahoney has so far declined.

Co-ordinate to a story by The Cincinnati Enquirer in 2003, Mahoney was living in repose, self-imposed obscurity in rural Owen County, Kentucky, near ten miles (16 km) from the crash site.^[23]

Aftermath [edit]

Changes in Kentucky [edit]

Soon after the collision, governor Wallace Wilkinson ordered his cabinet to review the state's drunkard driving laws and double-decker prophylactic regulations. At a news conference on May 20, 1988, Wilkinson announced stricter enforcement of drunk driving by the state, including police sobriety checkpoints and more than frequent inspections past state Alcoholic Beverage Command. The governor also indicated support for increased safety standards for buses and training for motorbus drivers, and the land began offering gratis prophylactic inspections for privately owned buses.^[26]

Kentucky now requires all school buses to accept nine emergency exits—more than than any other federal or country standard. This includes front end and back doors, a side door, iv emergency windows and two roof exits.^[27] The motorbus that crashed at Carrollton had merely front and back exits, which was to be expected, as the bus was congenital years earlier tougher standards were enacted.^[28]

Buses used past Kentucky schools must too have a cage around the fuel tank, a stronger frame and roof to resist crumpling on impact and rollover, high-backed seats, actress seat padding, a fuel system that slows leaks, flame-retardant seats and floors, reflective record on all emergency exits, an 8-inch (20 cm) wide black band with the commune name in white messages on the side, and strobe lights on the exterior. Schools also must accept a diesel-powered armada. (Unlike gasoline, diesel fuel is not highly flammable.)

In 1991, Kentucky enacted stricter drunk driving laws.

School double-decker and church building charabanc standards and regulations [edit]

A contributing gene to the crash itself and the severity seemed to exist loopholes between the laws and procedures for a school jitney and those involving the same vehicle afterwards information technology was released from school service, merely continued to be used for transporting passengers in non-schoolhouse use. (Had the bus been built new in March 1977 for the non-school employ such equally a church building activity coach, the applicable federal motor vehicle standards in place at that time would have required it to have been congenital with more than emergency exits than were required for schoolhouse buses). One of the NTSB recommendations after the Carrollton Bus Disaster was that school buses have no fewer emergency exits than required of non-school buses.

Some states also require that the usually dissimilar seating capacities for children and adults exist displayed near the service door of schoolhouse buses and non-schoolhouse buses. Most states consider secondary school (center and high school) age students to be adults with regards to the infinite occupied in motorcoach seats and aisles by their bodies.

MADD and drunk driving prevention [edit]

The collision riveted the nation'southward attending on the problem of drunken driving every bit never before and has been credited in office with causing the steady reject in the number of alcohol-related fatalities. Mothers Against Drunk Driving, a grassroots system, worked both before and after the Carrollton crash to reduce the hazards created by drunk (or drinking) drivers.

I of the victims, the youngest killed on the fatal bus, was ten-twelvemonth-sometime Patricia "Patty" Susan Nunnallee. Patty's mother, Karolyn Nunnallee, became an active member of MADD afterwards the crash, somewhen becoming MADD's national president.^[29] Patty's mother wrote on MADD's memorial web folio to Patty: They were traveling on a schoolhouse bus, so I thought she'd be safe.

Janey Off-white, whose 14-twelvemonth-one-time daughter Shannon was killed, go a national volunteer for MADD, and rose inside the organization to get national vice president.^[29] She was also head of the Kentucky Victims Coalition. According to the MADD website, "MADD helped me find my inner strength and run across that life could get on," Janey said. "I accept found I tin can make real changes in people'south attitudes about drinking and driving and in how our authorities addresses this disquisitional problem. Additionally, I tin can help other victims move forward in their lives." Her married man also became active locally in MADD.

Joy Williams, wife of Lee Williams, a pastor of the church, and their 2 young daughters, Kristen and Robin, were among those killed. Dotty Pearman'due south husband, John Pearman, associate pastor at the church and the jitney driver, was also killed while their daughter, Christy, was involved in the crash and survived. In the year later the crash, Lee Williams and Amorous Pearman, who barely knew each other earlier the crash, became friends and somewhen married.^[30] Lee and Dotty Williams also volunteer for MADD. Lee is a former chapter president of MADD in Hardin County, Kentucky, and Dotty is the current president. The couple often speaks to school groups, assists with health fairs and participates in other local events. "If I tin persuade one person not to drink and bulldoze, I've won", said Dotty. "I especially think it is important to educate children early about the dangers of drinking and driving. Nosotros need to address the outcome of booze with youth before it becomes a problem."

Memorials [edit]

Ford Motor Company paid for a black marble memorial in North Hardin Memorial Gardens Cemetery in Radcliff, Kentucky. The rock lists the names of all of the persons who were aboard the bus during the crash. The Kentucky Transportation Chiffonier has ii small signs, one in each direction of I-71, reading "SITE OF FATAL BUS CRASH MAY 14, 1988" at the site of the crash. There has been some controversy over the signs.^[23]

One of the survivors of the crash created a memorial and anti drunkard driving message using a like bus to the ane in the accident, with the photos of the twenty-vii deceased students and the message "20-seven reasons non to drinkable and drive" affixed to it.^[11]

Delineation in media [edit]

Among the many media agencies that provided thorough coverage, The Courier-Journal of Louisville, Kentucky, received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting for its coverage.

The collision and its aftermath, including efforts of some of the families to obtain more than than financial settlements, were chronicled by writer James S. Kunen in his 1994 volume Reckless Disregard: Corporate Greed, Government Indifference, and the Kentucky School Autobus Crash.^[31]

In 2013, MADD produced a documentary about the crash titled Touch on: After the Crash.^[32]

Run across also [edit]

• List of traffic collisions

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 182–iii.
2. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 185.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Federal Motor Vehicle Condom Standards". School Transportation News. August 25, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
4. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 17–eight.
5. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 18.
6. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 27–nine.
7. ^ ^{a b} Keneally, Meghan (May 13, 2018). "30 years afterwards 27 died in worst boozer-driving crash, survivors enquire if enough has changed". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
8. ^ Copeland, Larry (May 12, 2013). "Survivors recall deadliest drunken-driving crash". Usa Today . Retrieved May 14, 2018.
9. ^ Robin 1991, pp. 75–half-dozen.
10. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 36.
11. ^ ^{a b} "Carroll Co. bus crash survivor using similar coach to spread DUI message". WDRB . Retrieved May 22, 2021.
12. ^ ^{a b} Dodd, Johnny (May 14, 2013). "Bear on: After the Crash Shares Lessons from Worst Drunk Driving Crash in History". PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
13. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 38.
14. ^ ^{a b} Kunen 1994, p. 73.
15. ^ Noble, Greg (May v, 2016). "From The Vault: Carrollton coach crash shocked Tri-State in 1988; Day of fun at Kings Island ended in 27 deaths". WCPO. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
16. ^ ^{a b} Highway Blow Report (Written report). National Transportation Safety Lath. March 28, 1989. Archived from the original on Oct 21, 2011. Retrieved April seven, 2019.
17. ^ ^{a b c} "NTSB seeks measures after schoolhouse double-decker crash". Park City Daily News. Associated Press. March 29, 1989. p. i-A.
18. ^ Robin 1991, p. 76.
19. ^ Robin 1991, p. 75.
20. ^ Kunen, James South. (January 8, 1990). "Drunk Driver Larry Mahoney Gets xvi Years for the Kentucky Bus Crash That Claimed 27 Lives". People . Retrieved Apr 7, 2019.
21. ^ "Family TO RAISE Bond FOR INDICTED Driver - The Washington Postal service".
22. ^ AP News
23. ^ ^{a b c} Crowley, Patrick (May 14, 2003). "Drunken driver lives in obscurity". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2014. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link)
24. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 339–40.
25. ^ "KENTUCKY: Deadliest drunken driver released".
26. ^ Chellgren, Mark R. (May 21, 1988). "Governor vows jitney safe efforts". Kentucky New Era. Associated Press. p. 1A.
27. ^ Schmitt, Erin (December thirteen, 2016). "School officials talk omnibus safety, seat belts". The Henderson Gleaner . Retrieved June 23, 2019.
28. ^ Committee on Energy & Commerce: House of Representatives (1989). Safety Implications of the Kentucky Schoolbus Crash. Academy of California: US Government Press Function.
29. ^ ^{a b} Wolfe, Charles (May 14, 1998). "ten years after crash, cardinal flaw in school buses remains". The Kentucky Postal service. E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on November 3, 2005.
30. ^ Ewry, Charles (December 25, 2002). "14 years later, Carrollton motorcoach crash still bright". The Corydon Democrat . Retrieved March 30, 2014.
31. ^ Kunen, James S (1994). Reckless Disregard: Corporate Greed, Government Indifference, and the Kentucky School Coach Crash. University of Michigan: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0671705334.
32. ^ Dodd, Johnny (May xiv, 2013). "Survivors of the Worst Drunk Driving Crash in History Await Back". People . Retrieved April 7, 2019.

Sources [edit]

• Kunen, James S. (1994). Reckless Disregard: Corporate Greed, Regime Indifference, and the Kentucky Schoolhouse Bus Crash . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-671-70533-4.
• Robin, Gerald D. (1991). Waging the Battle against Drunk Driving: Issues, Countermeasures, and Effectiveness. New York: Praeger. ISBN0-275-94040-3.

External links [edit]

• Cincinnati Enquirer (1998): 10th Anniversary of 1988 Bus Crash, with links
• Cincinnati Enquirer (1998): Larry Mahoney on the 10th Anniversary of 1988 Bus Crash
• Collins, Michael (May 15, 1998). "Roads safer after tragic Carrollton bus crash". The Kentucky Post. E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on February 2, 2006.
• Pentecostal Evangel (February 29, 2004): Inferno on Interstate 71

Coordinates: 38°36′18.74″N 85°ten′12.66″West  /  38.6052056°N 85.1701833°W  / 38.6052056; -85.1701833

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton_bus_collision

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